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<title>Open matte</title>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Matte_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Matte (disambiguation)">Matte (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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<p><b>Open matte</b> is a filming technique that involves <a href="Matte_(filmmaking)" title="Matte (filmmaking)">matting</a> out the top and bottom of the film frame in the <a href="Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">movie projector</a> (known as a <i>soft matte</i>) for the <a href="Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> theatrical release and then scanning the film without a matte (at <a href="Academy_ratio" title="Academy ratio">Academy ratio</a>) for a <a href="Fullscreen_(aspect_ratio)" title="Fullscreen (aspect ratio)">full screen</a> <a href="Home_video" title="Home video">home video</a> release, thus not only providing a much better full frame presentation than <a href="Cropping_(image)" title="Cropping (image)">cropping</a>, but considerably more convenient than <a href="Pan_and_scan" title="Pan and scan">pan and scan</a>. It is roughly equivalent to an uncropped version of the film.

</p><p>Open matte can be used with non-<a href="Anamorphic_format" title="Anamorphic format">anamorphic</a> films presented in 2.20:1 or 2.39:1, but it is not used as often, mainly because it adds too much additional headroom, depending upon how well the framing was protected or for aesthetic purposes. Instead, those films will employ either pan and scan or reframing using either the well-protected areas or the areas of interest. Films shot anamorphically use the entire 35 mm frame (except for the soundtrack area), so they must use pan and scan as a result.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The rise of television and home media saw the use of a narrow aspect ratio of 4:3. To avoid <a href="Letterboxing_(filming)" title="Letterboxing (filming)">letterboxing</a> for broadcast releases, films were therefore reframed and cropped shot by shot to fit appropriately the full screen with the 4:3 aspect, with a process called pan and scan. Hence, only a cropped small portion of the theatrical frame was broadcast.

</p><p>Many films over the years have used the open matte technique for home video releases and television broadcasts, the most prominent of which include the <i><a href="Back_to_the_Future_(franchise)" title="Back to the Future (franchise)">Back to the Future</a></i> trilogy, the <i><a href="Jurassic_Park_(franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurassic Park (franchise)">Jurassic Park</a></i> trilogy, <i><a href="Schindler's_List" title="Schindler's List">Schindler's List</a></i>, <i><a href="Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a></i>, <i><a href="Top_Gun" title="Top Gun">Top Gun</a></i>, <i><a href="Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory">Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory</a></i>, <i><a href="The_Fugitive_(1993_film)" title="The Fugitive (1993 film)">The Fugitive</a></i>, <i><a href="Silverado_(film)" title="Silverado (film)">Silverado</a></i> and <i><a href="Predator_(film)" title="Predator (film)">Predator</a></i>, as well as many films that have been specially formatted for the <a href="IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> expanded aspect ratio of 1.90:1 and 1.43:1. <a href="Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> also used this technique for his last three films <i><a href="The_Shining_(film)" title="The Shining (film)">The Shining</a></i> (1980), <i><a href="Full_Metal_Jacket" title="Full Metal Jacket">Full Metal Jacket</a></i> (1987) and <i><a href="Eyes_Wide_Shut" title="Eyes Wide Shut">Eyes Wide Shut</a></i> (1999).

</p><p>Films such as <a href="James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a>'s <i><a href="Terminator_2%3A_Judgment_Day" title="Terminator 2: Judgment Day">Terminator 2: Judgment Day</a></i> (1991), <a href="Michael_Bay" title="Michael Bay">Michael Bay</a>'s <i><a href="The_Rock_(film)" title="The Rock (film)">The Rock</a></i> (1996), and <a href="Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>'s <i><a href="Minority_Report_(film)" title="Minority Report (film)">Minority Report</a></i> (2002), all of which were shot in <a href="Super_35" title="Super 35">Super 35</a> also utilize the open matte technique, but this is mixed with pan and scan due to the visual effects being rendered in a wider aspect ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_matte_and_pan_and_scan">Open matte and pan and scan</h2></div>

<p>Pan and scan is a process to optimise the film presentation for home viewing and television. For <a href="High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a>, a combination of zooming and cropping is done to a portion of a frame, usually in accordance to the most important details in a shot. Pan and scan can be done on a scope (anamorphic, 2.40:1) master for a film, or even the open matte version.

</p><p>Open matte helps in the pan and scan process, as there is more image to work with, and use the extra image on the top and bottom to fill a 16:9 display for HDTV broadcasts. Additionally, filmmakers may choose to release the open matte version for a film's "widescreen" home video release, such as with James Cameron's <i><a href="Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i> and the <a href="Blu-ray_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray 3D">Blu-ray 3D</a> release of <i><a href="Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a></i>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div>

<p>Usually, non-anamorphic <a href="Negative_pulldown" title="Negative pulldown">4-perf</a> films are filmed directly on the entire <a href="Full_frame_(cinematography)" title="Full frame (cinematography)">full frame</a> silent aperture gate (1.33:1). When a <a href="Married_print" title="Married print">married print</a> is created, this frame is slightly re-cropped by the <a href="Frame_line" title="Frame line">frame line</a> and optical soundtrack down to Academy ratio (1.37:1). The movie projector then uses an aperture mask to soft matte the academy frame to the intended <a href="Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratio</a> (1.85:1 or 1.66:1). When the 4:3 full-screen video master is created, many filmmakers may prefer to use the full Academy frame ("open matte") instead of creating a pan and scan version from within the 1.85 framing. Because the framing is increased vertically in the open matte process, the decision to use it needs to be made prior to shooting, so that the <a href="Camera_operator" title="Camera operator">camera operator</a> can frame for 1.85:1 and "protect" for 4:3; otherwise unintended objects such as boom <a href="Microphone" title="Microphone">microphones</a>, cables, and light stands may appear in the open matte frame, thus requiring some amount of pan and scan in some or all scenes. Additionally, the un-matted 4:3 version may often throw off an otherwise tightly framed shot and add an inordinate amount of headroom above actors (particularly with 1.85:1), depending upon how well the framing was protected or for aesthetic purposes. With high-definition television now in common usage (with its standardized 16:9 (1.78:1) aspect ratio), the need to reformat 1.85:1 movies for television viewing has virtually evaporated, although television broadcasts still reformat 2.39:1 movies by means of using open matte or pan and scan. For films with wider aspect ratios (2.39:1, for example) the matting bars will appear on the top and bottom of the screen of the broadcast image, thus preserving each director's framing intent.

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<ul><li><a href="Shoot_and_protect" title="Shoot and protect">Shoot and protect</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.widescreen.org/images/terminator2_super_35_exampl.jpg">"Terminator 2 Super 35 Example"</a>. <i>Widescreen.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Motion_picture_film_formats143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Motion picture <a href="Film_format" title="Film format">film formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Film_gauge" title="Film gauge">Film gauges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_film_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of film formats">Film formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">35 mm</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="CinemaScope" title="CinemaScope">CinemaScope</a> (1953)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="VistaVision" title="VistaVision">VistaVision</a> (1954)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Technirama" title="Technirama">Technirama</a> (1956)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Anamorphic_format" title="Anamorphic format">Modern anamorphic</a> (1957)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Techniscope" title="Techniscope">Techniscope</a> (1960)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Super_35" title="Super 35">Super 35</a> (1982)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">70 mm</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ultra_Panavision_70" title="Ultra Panavision 70">Ultra Panavision 70</a> (1957)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Super_Panavision_70" title="Super Panavision 70">Super Panavision 70</a> (1959)</span></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">35 mm × 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Cinerama" title="Cinerama">Cinerama</a> (1952)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kinopanorama" title="Kinopanorama">Kinopanorama</a> (1958)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Cinemiracle" title="Cinemiracle">Cinemiracle</a> (1958)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">Aspect ratio</a> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Academy_ratio" title="Academy ratio">Academy ratio</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Anamorphic_format" title="Anamorphic format">Anamorphic format</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video framing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Widescreen" title="Widescreen">Widescreen</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Anamorphic_widescreen" title="Anamorphic widescreen">Anamorphic widescreen</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Letterboxing_(filming)" title="Letterboxing (filming)">Letterbox</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Pillarbox" title="Pillarbox">Pillarbox</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Windowbox_(filmmaking)" title="Windowbox (filmmaking)">Windowbox</a></span></li>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Fullscreen_(aspect_ratio)" title="Fullscreen (aspect ratio)">Fullscreen</a></span></li></ul></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Shoot_and_protect" title="Shoot and protect">Shoot and protect</a></span></li></ul>

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